History of Kenya
During the 1950s and 60s, the anthropologist L. S. B. Leakey discovered the remains of hominids who lived 2 million years ago in north Tanzania. These persons, perhaps the earliest humans on earth, most likely also inhabited south Kenya. In the Kenya highlands, the existence of farming and domestic herds can be dated to 1000 B.C. Trade between the Kenya coast and Arabia was brisk by A.D. 100. Arabs settled on the coast during medieval times, and they soon established several autonomous city-states (including Mombasa, Malindi, and Pate). Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settled in Kenya in 2000 B.C. There is also evidence that Bantu-speaking people and Nilotic speakers from the south Sudan settled in Kenya between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500. The Portuguese first visited the Kenya coast in 1498, and by the end of the 16th century they controlled much of it, including Mombasa. However, in 1729, the Portuguese were permanently expelled from Mombasa and were replaced as the leading power on the coast by two Arab dynasties: the Busaidi dynasty, based first at Masqat (in Oman) and from 1832 on Zanzibar, and the Mazrui dynasty, based at Mombasa. The Busaidi wrested Mombasa from the Mazrui in 1837. From the early 19th century there was long-distance caravan trading between Mombasa and Lake Victoria. Beginning in the mid-19th century, European explorers (especially John Ludwig Krapf and Joseph Thomson) mapped parts of the interior. The British and German governments agreed upon spheres of influence in east Africa in 1886, with most of present-day Kenya passing to the British. In 1887, a British association received concessionary rights to the Kenya coast from the sultan of Zanzibar. The association in 1888 was given a royal charter as the Imperial British East Africa Company, but severe financial difficulties soon led to its takeover by the British government, which established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895. In 1903, the first settlers of European descent established themselves as large-scale farmers in the highlands by taking land from the Kikuyu, Masai, and others. At the same time, Indian merchants moved inland from the coast. In 1920, the territory was renamed and its administration changed; the interior became Kenya Colony and a coastal strip was constituted the Protectorate of Kenya. From the 1920s to the 40s, European settlers controlled the government; Indians maintained small trade establishments and were lower-level government employees; and Africans grew cash crops such as coffee and cotton on a small scale, were subsistence farmers, or were laborers in the towns. In the 1920s, Africans began to protest their inferior status reaching a peak between 1952 and 1956 with the so-called Mau Mau Emergency, a complex armed revolt led by the Kikuyu, which was in part a rebellion against British rule and in part an attempt to reestablish traditional land rights and ways of governance. The British declared a state of emergency and imprisoned many of the colony's nationalist leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta. After the revolt Britain increased African representation in the colony's legislative council until there was an African majority in 1961.
posted by Hills @ 8:18 AM
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